Changes in Medieval Society

TERMS & NAMES 
1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance.
• three-field system - land that was divided into three equal sized fields where crops were rotated.
• guild - an organization working to get better prices or work conditions. 
• Commercial Revolution - the expansion of trade and changes in business. 
• burgher - a merchant class person who lived in a town.
• vernacular - everyday language. 
 • Thomas Aquinas - scholar who argued the most basic religious truths that could be proved by sound reasoning.
 • scholastics - scholars who gathered and taught at medieval Europe universities.
2. How did medieval society change between 1000 and 1500? Describe the major changes that occurred during the 500 year period. *Minimum one paragraph response.
The medieval society changed between 1000 and 1500. Some of the changes was that the medieval society  became more advanced in agriculture, finance, and trade. Due to these changes, the cities and towns' population expanded. Also cultural interactions with the Muslim and Byzantine helped development learning and that is when university first started. 
MAIN IDEAS
3. How did guilds influence business practices in medieval towns?
Guild influence business practices in medieval towns by helping control the number of goods being traded and keep the price high. They also reduced loss and provided security in trading. 
4. How were Muslim scholars linked to the revival of learning in Europe?
Muslims scholars were linked to the revival of learning in Europe because Christian scholars from Europe started to visit Muslim libraries and book began to be translate into Latin to be able to read by people in Europe.  
5. In what ways did burghers expand their freedom from landlords?
Burghers expand their freedom from landlords by organizing themselves and demanding privilege of freedom from tolls and the right to govern the town. 
READING GUIDE
1. Farmers began using a new type of harness that fitted across a horse’s chest. - they replaced oxen with horses for plowing and pulling wagons because horses can pull more than oxen. 
2. Using the three-field system, farmers began to grow crops on two-thirds of their land each year, rather than half. - This helped increase food production. 
3. Merchant and craft guilds organize and change ways to do business. -  This provided more available and better products. 
4. The Commercial Revolution changes trade and banking practices. - Workers would paid for labor; serfs would move from town to town. 
5. As trade blossomed and farming methods improved, the population of western Europe rose from around 30 million to about 42 million between 1000 and 1150. -  People would move from manors to towns.
6. As people left life on the manor for life in towns, they challenged the traditional ways of feudal society in which everyone had a place. - It became an emergency of the middle class. 
7. Authors began writing in the vernacular. - Literature was available for common people. 
8. Growing trade and growing cities brought a new interest in learning. - This was the beginning of universities. 
9. Christian scholars from Europe visited Muslim libraries in Spain, and Jewish scholars translated Arabic copies of Greek writings into Latin. - Europeasn now have more knowledge about science, philosophy, mathematics, and law. 

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